May27
For the year 2009, just in Nevada, the leading gambling state of the U.S.A, people wagered $1billion on football and $802 million on basketball. Adding all other sports to the grand total, it equals $2.4 billion. Slots and tables (Twenty-one, Baccarat, Craps, Roulette and eleven other games accounted for $111 billion that swelled the pot. Not considered were smalltime machines in locations having 15 or fewer slot machines. Many other states also have giant gambling centers. New Jersey is no slouch. Throw in the money bet on horse racing (At Churchill Downs, one particular race, which needs no introduction from me, all by itself, has tens of millions of dollars thrown into the mix) Lotteries probably make all this seem bush league stuff. Away from the places that contribute to state revenues – private wagering with illegal bookmakers – and the grand total can only be guessed at. I’ll take a guess and say it all tops $3 trillion. So much for the history of the anti-gambling crusade.
The first wave of anti-gambling was from 1600 to the mid 19th century and was led by Puritans and their descendants. The pro-gambling forces argued that gambling was innocent recreation and none of God’s business. God’s team fought back with righteousness: apart from being offensive to God, gambling endangered the streets, committing numerous crimes, and debased the morality of the society. The revenue take that states took off the top was not worth the evils.
Efforts to end all gambling were doomed from the start because prohibition was selective in terms of type of gambling and location. The frontier areas, California included, saw a great deal of gambling after the end of the first wave. Because of the wholesale fraud in government regulation, lotteries were targeted for prohibition, but gambling in posh clubs were still legal in New York. Horse racing survived the end of the first wave relatively unscathed. As such it is more difficult to draw a clear distinction between the end of the first wave and the beginning of the second. Government fraud, as popular as gambling itself, blurred the distinction between the legal and the illegal.
After the stock market crash of 1929. legalized gambling was looked upon as a way to stimulate the economy. Massachusetts decriminalized bingo in 1931 in an attempt to help churches and charitable organizations raise money. Bingo was legal in 11 states by the 1950s, usually only for charity purposes. In New York, God’s team mounted a new campaign. Fiorella La Guardia replaced Jimmy Walker as mayor, and, in Chicago, Anton Cermak pushed out “Big” Bill Thompson. Theater-goers were treated to newsreels of Mayor La Guardia taking a sledge hammer to slot machines and pushing them off the barge into the city’s ocean dump. District Attorney Thomas Dewey ran an aggressive campaign against mobsters who were involved in gambling. New York mobsters, including the infamous Benjamin “Bugsy” Siegel, finally heeded Horace Greeley’s 1851 advice to “Go West, young man, and grow up with the country.”
From 1894 to 1964, there were no legal government-sponsored lotteries operating in the United States. Still, lotteries were widely played, but always illegal. One of the most well known was the Irish sweepstakes which began in 1930 for the purpose of raising money for hospitals in Ireland. Although it was not legal to sell tickets in the U.S. or to ship them here, they were smuggled into the country. Participation was high with about 13 percent of the country having at one time or another, bought a ticket. Call this the luck of the Irish and the power of gremlins. In 1978, New Jersey became the second state to legalize casino gambling in an attempt to revitalize the rundown resort area of Atlantic City. Discounting murder, rape and other inconveniences, it has worked well.
It is tough to gamble without cheating, and cheating offers titillation. In about 1948, small-time Brooklyn College ushered in the area of dumping points in basketball games so that teams could win games but not by too many points. Bill Rosenblatt was dubbed “Honest Bill” because he alone refused to shave points. A dozen years later, when last I saw or heard about him, he still wore that sobriquet. Apres Bill, lé deluge. Superstar basketball players of major league basketball industries (a.k.a. colleges) by the dozens threw away promising professional careers when they were caught in the act. America’s very best college player of the early 50s, Sherman White of Long Island University, brought his life to a standstill and was shoved into prison for additional injury added to injury. So talented was he that he dumped points in one game in which he seemed to be on a wild scoring spree – ending with 65 points. Today, this 80-year old man says there is a hole in his heart. In NY circles, he remains the legendary Greatest Basketball Player You Never Heard Of.
The fixing of games in basketball and football which was epidemic in the 50s is pretty much a thing of the past. Prize fight fixing, mainly run by dangerous mobsters such as Frankie Carbo, began decades before cheating hit team sports. Fighters who tried to double-cross mobsters sometimes paid with their lives. We should be grateful to someone or other that that, too, has run its course. Paradoxically, or perhaps not paradoxically, sports gambling flourishes as never before.
What would America be like if the $trillions wasted on gambling were put to better purposes? Where would the money go? Since no legitimate industry such as oil or autos has revenues that match wagering, we may speculate that a certain part of the savings would end up being used for housing, charities, and various kinds of infrastructure. Perhaps that is only a pipe dream. Perhaps we would find new ways to squander our wealth. Gambling is here to stay and we will never know what this country might be like without it.